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Renewable Energy Basics

Yes.

Further details:
Solar panels generate electricity even in cloudy weather because they can make use of diffuse sunlight. However, electricity production is lower than on clear, sunny days.
In Sweden, solar power production is often lower during winter because of shorter days, lower sun angles and, in some cases, snow covering the panels. Even so, solar panels can still generate electricity when sunlight reaches the modules.

In practice, solar power is combined with other sources of electricity in the grid, such as hydropower and wind power in the Nordic region. It can also be complemented by energy storage or smart management of electricity use to increase its value and flexibility within the energy system.

Sources

Solar – IEA
Solar energy
Renewable electricity – Renewables 2025 – Analysis – IEA

Individuals can contribute by reducing their energy consumption through energy efficiency measures, choosing electricity supplied from renewable or fossil-free sources, and shifting electricity use to times when power is more plentiful and prices are lower. Further details For some households, technologies such as rooftop solar panels, battery storage and smart electric vehicle charging can increase the use of locally generated electricity and help reduce pressure on the electricity grid. Eolus does not develop residential solar solutions. Instead, the company focuses on developing larger-scale renewable energy projects. Sources https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2025 https://www.irena.org/publications/2025/jul/renewable-energy-statistics-2025 https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/renewable-energy/renewable-energy-directive-targets-and-rules/renewable-energy-targets_en

Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electricity.

Further details:
When the wind causes the rotor blades to turn, they drive a generator that produces electricity. The electricity is then converted, monitored and fed into the power grid.
Electricity production varies depending on wind speed. Wind turbines generate the most electricity within a specific range of wind conditions and are automatically shut down during very low or very high winds for safety reasons. Modern wind turbines are monitored and controlled digitally to help ensure safe and efficient operation.

Sources
https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/how-do-wind-turbines-work
https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/wind-energy-basics
https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/wind
https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Technology/Wind-Energy
https://windeurope.org/about-wind/what-is-wind-energy/
https://www.nrel.gov/wind/

Bioenergy comes from organic materials such as wood, forestry and agricultural residues, or biodegradable waste.

Further details:
Bioenergy can be used to produce heat, electricity and transport fuels. Its climate benefits depend on how the biomass is produced and whether it is sourced and managed sustainably over time.

Geothermal energy uses heat from the Earth’s interior. In Sweden, geothermal energy is mainly used for heating, for example through ground-source heat pumps. Electricity generation from geothermal energy is more common in parts of the world with higher levels of geothermal activity, such as Iceland, New Zealand and some regions of the United States.

Sources
https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/bioenergy
https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/geothermal
https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Technology/Bioenergy
https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Technology/Geothermal-Energy
https://www.nationalgrid.com/stories/energy-explained/what-is-geothermal-energy
https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-geothermal-energy

Globally, hydropower remains one of the largest sources of renewable electricity, while solar and wind power are growing the fastest.

Further details:
Bioenergy is also an important renewable energy source, particularly for heating and transport fuels. In Sweden, hydropower and bioenergy have historically played major roles in the energy system, while wind power has expanded rapidly in recent years. Solar energy is also growing, mainly through rooftop installations but increasingly through utility-scale solar parks.

Sweden’s renewable energy mix differs from that of many other countries because hydropower has long been a major source of electricity generation. Globally, however, solar and wind power account for much of the recent growth in renewable energy capacity.

Sources
https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2025
https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables
https://www.irena.org/Publications/2025/Aug/Renewable-Energy-Statistics-2025
https://www.irena.org/Data/Energy-Profiles
https://ember-energy.org/data/global-electricity-review/

Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are continuously replenished, such as sunlight, wind and flowing water. Further details: Renewable energy differs from fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas, which are finite resources and produce significant greenhouse gas emissions when burned. Common renewable energy sources include solar power, wind power, hydropower, geothermal energy and sustainably produced bioenergy. These energy sources can be used to generate electricity, provide heating and cooling, and produce transport fuels. Compared with fossil fuels, they generally have lower life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and can help reduce climate impacts. In Sweden, renewable energy is an important part of the energy system, particularly through hydropower, bioenergy, wind power and a growing contribution from solar energy. Sources https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/raising-ambition/renewable-energy https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2025 https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy

Onshore wind power is built on land, while offshore wind power is built at sea, usually further from the coastline.

Further details:
Offshore wind power often benefits from stronger and more consistent winds, resulting in higher and more stable energy production. At the same time, it is more expensive and complex to build and maintain, as installations are carried out in a more challenging marine environment.

Offshore wind power requires subsea cables to transport electricity to land, and projects must take into account marine ecosystems and shipping routes.
Onshore wind power is generally cheaper to build and easier to connect to the grid. However, it may have a greater impact on the local living environment and landscape, depending on how close it is to people and buildings.

Sources
https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Technology/Wind-energy
https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/wind
https://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/our-business/marine/offshore-wind
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/15/6614

Renewable energy comes from sources that are naturally replenished, such as solar power, wind power, hydropower, geothermal energy, and bioenergy. Further details: Fossil-free energy is a broader term that refers to energy sources that do not produce fossil carbon dioxide emissions during operation. This means that renewable energy is generally fossil-free, but fossil-free energy can also include sources such as nuclear power. In energy policy and public debate, both terms are often used. Because they do not mean exactly the same thing, it is important to be clear about which definition is being used in a given context. Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) – Renewable Energy Explained https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/renewable-sources/ International Energy Agency (IEA) – Renewables and Low-Emissions Fuels https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables-and-low-emissions-fuels U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – Carbon Pollution-Free Electricity https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/carbon-pollution-free-electricity-epa International Energy Agency (IEA) – Low-Emissions Sources of Electricity https://www.iea.org/reports/low-emissions-sources-of-electricity International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) https://www.irena.org/

Climate & Environmental Impact

Wind and solar power require materials such as steel, aluminium, copper and, in some cases, metals used in magnets or electronic components. Further details: The types of metals required depend on the technology being used (for example, certain wind turbine generator designs). Potential risks are linked to supply chains, the environmental impacts of mining, and geopolitical factors. At the same time, efforts are underway in the EU and globally to increase recycling rates, improve material efficiency and diversify sources of supply. According to the Swedish Energy Agency, wind turbines consist of approximately 80–90% steel and iron, both of which are recyclable materials. This means that the majority of the material used in wind turbines can be recovered when a turbine is decommissioned. Wind turbine blades are largely made from thermoset composites, as they are designed to combine low weight with high strength. Research and development are ongoing to identify sustainable solutions for recycling and reusing these materials. The industry is also investing significant effort in developing circular solutions and new methods for recycling turbine blades. Several major industry players are now developing solutions for recycling and reusing wind turbine blades. Manufacturers such as Vestas, Siemens Gamesa and LM Wind Power are working with both chemical recycling technologies and new blade designs that are easier to recycle in the future. At the same time, retired blades are already being repurposed into products such as construction materials, noise barriers and bridges. In Lund, Sweden, a parking structure has been built using sections of wind turbine blades. The cement industry is also being explored as a potential large-scale solution, where both materials and energy can be recovered rather than sent to landfill. Sources: https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions/mineral-requirements-for-clean-energy-transitions https://www.iea.org/reports/solar-pv-global-supply-chains https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Technology/Critical-materials https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/irena_geopolitics_energy_transition_critical_materials_2023_1.pdf
Annual Report 2025 – Task 45
https://iea-wind.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/IEA-Task-45-WP2-D2.1-Review-of-blade-design-and-novel-materials-for-improved-recyclability-PUBLIC-v1.pdf https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/

That depends on the technology and where it is installed.

Further details:
Wind turbines have a relatively small physical footprint, consisting mainly of turbine foundations, access roads and crane pads. In many cases, the surrounding land can continue to be used for forestry, agriculture or other activities. At the same time, wind farms can affect landscapes and require consideration of environmental, cultural and community values.

Solar parks generally require larger continuous areas of land, but they can often be located on lower-productivity land, former industrial sites or combined with other land uses such as grazing. Rooftop and building-integrated solar panels make use of existing structures and therefore reduce the need for additional land.

Sources

Wind energy and the environment – WindEurope

Solar – IEA

Wind – IEA

Solar energy

Wind energy

Solar panels are made largely of glass and aluminium, both of which can be recycled. Established collection and recycling systems already exist in many parts of the world, including Europe. Further details: For wind turbines, materials such as steel, copper and concrete can generally be recycled through existing waste and recycling streams. Rotor blades, which are made of composite materials, present a greater challenge. However, solutions for reuse, material recycling and improved blade design are advancing rapidly both in Europe and internationally. Wind turbines typically consist primarily of steel and iron, meaning that most of the material can be recovered and recycled when a turbine is decommissioned. Rotor blades are mainly made from thermoset composites, chosen for their combination of low weight and high strength. Research and development efforts are ongoing to identify sustainable methods for recycling and reusing these materials. The wind industry is also investing heavily in circular solutions and new technologies for blade recycling. Major manufacturers such as Vestas, Siemens Gamesa and LM Wind Power are developing both advanced recycling processes and new blade designs that are intended to be easier to recycle in the future. In addition, retired blades are already being repurposed for applications such as construction materials, noise barriers, pedestrian structures and bridges. The cement industry is also being explored as a potential large-scale outlet where both material and energy value can be recovered instead of sending blades to landfill. For solar panels, recycling systems continue to expand globally. Valuable materials including glass, aluminium, silicon and certain metals can be recovered and returned to the supply chain. Several countries and regions have introduced producer responsibility schemes and recycling requirements to support end-of-life management of solar panels. Decommissioning, site restoration and waste management requirements are also commonly addressed through permitting processes, regulatory frameworks and contractual agreements. IEA Solar PV: https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/solar-pv IEA Solar PV Global Supply Chains: https://www.iea.org/reports/solar-pv-global-supply-chains International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) – End-of-Life Management: Solar Photovoltaic Panels: https://www.irena.org/publications/2016/Jun/End-of-life-management-Solar-Photovoltaic-Panels International Energy Agency PVPS – Trends in PV Module Recycling: https://iea-pvps.org/research-tasks/task-12-pv-sustainability IEA Wind Task 45 – Recycling Wind Turbine Blades:
Annual Report 2025 – Task 45
IEA Wind – Review of Blade Design and Novel Materials for Improved Recyclability of Wind Turbine Blades: https://iea-wind.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/IEA-Task-45-WP2-D2.1-Review-of-blade-design-and-novel-materials-for-improved-recyclability-PUBLIC-v1.pdf WindEurope – Decommissioning and Circularity Resources:
Sustainability
IPCC AR6 Working Group III: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ IRENA – Critical Materials for the Energy Transition: https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Technology/Critical-materials IEA – The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions: https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions
During operation, emissions are very low. Life cycle assessments (LCAs) show that both wind and solar power have significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions per kilowatt-hour generated than fossil fuel-based electricity. Actual values vary depending on technology, location, lifetime, and the energy mix used during manufacturing. Further details: Over their full life cycle, both wind and solar power have a very low climate impact compared with fossil-based electricity generation. For solar power, the majority of emissions occur during manufacturing, particularly because the production of silicon solar cells is energy-intensive. Emissions also depend on the energy sources used in the manufacturing process. In Sweden, the energy payback time for solar PV systems is estimated to be approximately two to three years, depending on technology, location, and methodological assumptions. Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from wind power are typically estimated at around 10–15 grams of CO₂ equivalent per kilowatt-hour generated. By comparison, corresponding values are approximately 490 grams for natural gas and 820 grams for coal-fired power generation. Taken together, these findings indicate that both wind and solar power contribute only marginally to climate change over their lifetime compared with fossil fuel-based electricity generation. However, local environmental impacts may still occur depending on project location and design. Sources: IPCC harmonised life-cycle assessments for electricity technologies: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/renewable-energy-sources-and-climate-change-mitigation/wind-energy/ NREL Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Electricity Generation: https://data.nlr.gov/submissions/171 Lund University study on energy payback time for PV systems in Sweden: https://scispace.com/papers/greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-energy-payback-time-for-multi-1p2cly7xwm
Renewable energy can help reduce climate impacts by replacing fossil fuels, which are major sources of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other greenhouse gas emissions. Further details: Wind power, solar energy and hydropower have very low emissions during operation. However, emissions are still associated with manufacturing, materials, transport and construction. This is why a life-cycle perspective (LCA) is important. When emissions from the entire life cycle are included, most studies still show that renewable energy technologies have significantly lower climate impacts than coal, oil and natural gas. In Sweden, renewable electricity also supports the electrification of sectors such as transport and industry, helping to reduce emissions beyond the power sector itself. Sources https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/raising-ambition/renewable-energy https://www.ipcc.ch/report/renewable-energy-sources-and-climate-change-mitigation/ https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/chapter/chapter-6/ https://ourworldindata.org/impacts-of-energy-sources https://www.unep.org/topics/energy/renewable-energy/renewable-energy https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/80580.pdf

Wind turbines can cause collisions involving birds and bats, but the level of risk varies significantly between locations and species. Careful planning, mitigation measures and operational adjustments can help reduce these risks.

Further details:
Environmental surveys and species assessments are typically carried out early in the planning process. Sensitive habitats, migration routes and areas with important wildlife values are avoided whenever possible.

Research has shown that other human-related factors, such as traffic, buildings and domestic cats, are responsible for a larger share of overall bird mortality. However, wind power can still have significant local impacts if turbines are placed in unsuitable locations. For this reason, siting decisions are an important part of project development.

Common mitigation measures include adapting the wind farm layout, temporarily limiting turbine operation under specific conditions, and monitoring wildlife impacts during operation. These measures can help reduce risks to birds, bats and other wildlife while supporting renewable energy generation.

Sources
Wind Energy and the Environment | Tethys

Wind energy

Wind – IEA

Wind energy and the environment – WindEurope

Bioenergy comes from organic materials such as wood, forestry and agricultural residues, or biodegradable waste.

Further details:
Bioenergy can be used to produce heat, electricity and transport fuels. Its climate benefits depend on how the biomass is produced and whether it is sourced and managed sustainably over time.

Geothermal energy uses heat from the Earth’s interior. In Sweden, geothermal energy is mainly used for heating, for example through ground-source heat pumps. Electricity generation from geothermal energy is more common in parts of the world with higher levels of geothermal activity, such as Iceland, New Zealand and some regions of the United States.

Sources
https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/bioenergy
https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/geothermal
https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Technology/Bioenergy
https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Technology/Geothermal-Energy
https://www.nationalgrid.com/stories/energy-explained/what-is-geothermal-energy
https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-geothermal-energy

Hydropower generates electricity by using flowing or falling water to drive a turbine, which in turn powers a generator.

Further details:
Hydropower produces very low greenhouse gas emissions during operation and can often provide flexibility and balancing services to the electricity system by adjusting generation when needed.

At the same time, dams and water regulation can affect ecosystems, fish migration, water levels and biodiversity. For this reason, measures such as fish passages, minimum flow requirements and environmentally adapted water management are used where possible to reduce environmental impacts.

Sources
https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/hydropower
https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Technology/Hydropower
https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/hydropower-basics
https://www.unesco.org/en/ihp
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/hydropower

Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are continuously replenished, such as sunlight, wind and flowing water. Further details: Renewable energy differs from fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas, which are finite resources and produce significant greenhouse gas emissions when burned. Common renewable energy sources include solar power, wind power, hydropower, geothermal energy and sustainably produced bioenergy. These energy sources can be used to generate electricity, provide heating and cooling, and produce transport fuels. Compared with fossil fuels, they generally have lower life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and can help reduce climate impacts. In Sweden, renewable energy is an important part of the energy system, particularly through hydropower, bioenergy, wind power and a growing contribution from solar energy. Sources https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/raising-ambition/renewable-energy https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2025 https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy
Sites for wind power projects are selected based on the available wind resource and the ability to meet legal requirements, safety considerations and environmental standards. Further details Site selection involves assessing a range of factors, including distances to residential properties, environmental and cultural heritage values, reindeer husbandry interests where relevant, and whether military or aviation interests may be affected. A project may be halted if significant constraints are identified. Examples include protected species, sensitive natural habitats, cultural heritage sites, military interests, or situations where noise and shadow flicker requirements cannot be met. Noise impacts are assessed as part of the permitting process. In Sweden, permit conditions for wind farms commonly refer to outdoor noise levels at residential properties, often around 40 dBA at the building façade, with stricter requirements sometimes applied in particularly quiet environments. Some constraints can be identified early through mapping and desktop studies, while others may only emerge through field surveys and consultations. As a result, projects may need to be redesigned, relocated or, in some cases, discontinued. The suitability of a site and the conditions for development are evaluated through the environmental permitting process under the Swedish Environmental Code, in consultation with authorities such as the County Administrative Board and, where relevant, the Swedish Armed Forces. Sources https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/laws-and-regulations/the-swedish-environmental-code/ https://www.lansstyrelsen.se/english/environment-and-water/environmentally-hazardous-activities/assessment-of-environmentally-hazardous-activities.html https://www.miljosamverkansverige.se/wp-content/uploads/Samrad-folder-A3-6sid-EN.pdf https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/activities/exercises-and-operations/environment-and-social-impact/interest-in-land-and-water-use/ https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/topics/environmental-assessment/
Renewable energy reduces the need for fossil fuels and can therefore lower greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Further details: This is important for achieving climate goals in Sweden, the European Union and globally. Renewable energy can help reduce emissions from electricity generation, while also supporting the electrification of sectors such as transport and industry. Renewable energy, together with other fossil-free energy sources, can also strengthen energy security by reducing dependence on imported fuels. Because renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and hydropower do not require ongoing fuel purchases, they can help improve long-term energy price stability, particularly during periods of volatile fossil fuel prices. Sources https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/raising-ambition/renewable-energy https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2025 https://www.irena.org/ https://www.irena.org/Publications/2025/Aug/Renewable-Energy-Statistics-2025 https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-security https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2025

Energy Systems and Distribution

Together with other fossil-free and renewable energy sources, wind and solar power can supply a large share of electricity demand. As society moves away from fossil fuels, additional fossil-free electricity generation will be needed.

Further details:
Sweden already has a high share of fossil-free electricity, including hydropower, nuclear power and a growing contribution from wind energy. Across Europe and globally, wind and solar power are expanding rapidly.

To manage peak demand and variations in electricity generation, additional flexibility is also needed. This can include stronger electricity grids, demand-side flexibility, energy storage (such as batteries and hydrogen) and dispatchable generation where appropriate.
Electrification is an important tool for reducing society’s dependence on fossil fuels. How quickly this transition occurs, and how much new electricity generation will be needed, depends on many factors, including the development of energy-intensive industries. In Sweden, the Swedish Energy Agency has developed several scenarios for future electricity demand. These scenarios indicate that electricity use could range from around 220 TWh to nearly 360 TWh by 2050, depending on how society and industry develop.

Sources
Renewables 2025 – Analysis – IEA

Renewables and Low-Emissions Fuels – Energy System – IEA

IRENA – International Renewable Energy Agency

Electrification | Ember

More electricity generation with low variable costs (such as wind and solar) can, over time, put downward pressure on electricity prices during periods of high production. However, prices are also influenced by grid capacity, demand, and conditions in the wider international electricity market. Further details: From an energy security perspective, domestically produced renewable electricity can reduce dependence on imported fuels. At the same time, investments in electricity grids, flexibility solutions, and energy storage become increasingly important to manage variability in power generation. Sources: https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2025 https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2025/Jul/IRENA_TEC_RPGC_in_2024_Summary_2025.pdf https://energyindemand.com/2026/04/18/new-report-from-irena-moving-from-energy-crisis-to-energy-security-with-renewables/

The electricity grid must always maintain a balance between production and consumption.

Further details:
This is managed through forecasting, balancing power (for example hydropower in the Nordic region), flexible electricity use, and trade between regions and countries. Fast-responding resources are also used to keep the system stable as conditions change.

An increasing number of solutions also contribute, such as battery storage, smart control of electric vehicle charging and industrial processes, and, in the future, hydrogen production that can adjust to the availability of electricity.

Sources
https://www.svk.se/en/national-grid/operations-and-electricity-markets/
https://www.entsoe.eu/data/transparency-platform/
https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-2026/flexibility
https://www.iea.org/reports/batteries-and-secure-energy-transitions/policy-implications-and-recommendations

Production varies widely depending on size, location, and weather conditions. Further details: Wind power output depends mainly on wind speed, turbine size, and location, so production can differ even between nearby sites. [retgen.com] Solar farms depend on sunlight (solar irradiation), panel efficiency, and system design, which means production is higher in sunnier regions. [gbsolar.it] In both cases, production is usually expressed per year because output varies from hour to hour depending on weather conditions.

Wind and solar power vary with weather conditions, but electricity systems can be made more reliable by combining different energy sources and distributing generation across larger geographic areas.

Further details:
Weather-dependent generation can be complemented by energy storage, such as batteries, which can help improve system flexibility and stability. Wind and solar power can also be combined with other energy sources and technologies that help balance supply and demand.

In Sweden and the Nordic region, hydropower often provides flexibility by adjusting production when needed. Across Europe, interconnected electricity grids help balance variations in renewable generation between different regions. Improved forecasting, flexible electricity use, energy storage and grid expansion all contribute to integrating large shares of wind and solar power while maintaining a reliable electricity system.

Sources
Renewable energy – powering a safer future | United Nations
Renewables and Low-Emissions Fuels – Energy System – IEA
Renewables 2025 – Analysis – IEA

Microgrids are local electricity networks that can operate independently or remain connected to the wider power grid.

Further details

Microgrids can combine local electricity generation, such as solar power, with energy storage systems such as batteries and advanced control systems. This can help improve resilience, increase local self-sufficiency and make better use of locally generated electricity.Smart grids use digital technologies, sensors, automation and communication systems to monitor and manage electricity flows more efficiently. They can help reduce losses, support the integration of renewable energy sources and enable more flexible electricity use by consumers.As electricity systems become more complex, smart grids and other flexibility solutions are increasingly important for balancing electricity supply and demand, integrating variable renewable generation and maintaining a reliable electricity system. According to Swedish energy authorities, smart grids are expected to play an important role in enabling the energy transition and supporting a growing share of renewable electricity generation.

Sources
https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-01/2024-01-18%20Microgrid%20Overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf
https://www.energy.gov/oe/grid-systems-microgrids
https://www.iea.org/energy-system/electricity-grids/smart-grids

Renewable energy is an important part of the energy transition, but its expansion also involves challenges. Wind and solar power generate electricity when the wind blows or the sun shines, which places greater demands on the flexibility of the electricity system. At the same time, grid expansion, permitting processes, and local acceptance can influence how quickly new generation capacity can be brought online. Further details: Other important considerations include how land and natural resources are used, how impacts on birds, bats, cultural heritage, and other local values are assessed, and how different societal interests are balanced. There are also questions related to the availability of certain raw materials and critical minerals, how renewable energy facilities are recycled and decommissioned at the end of their operational life, and how energy systems should evolve to meet growing electricity demand. Many of these challenges are addressed through planning processes, environmental assessments, technological innovation, and investments in areas such as electricity grids, energy storage, flexibility solutions, and recycling. The effectiveness of these measures varies between countries, projects, and local circumstances. In Sweden, permitting, environmental supervision, and public consultation are primarily governed by the Environmental Code. Issues related to grid capacity, security of electricity supply, and system flexibility are regularly assessed by authorities such as Svenska kraftnät and the Swedish Energy Agency. Sources: https://www.iea.org/energy-system/electricity/renewable-integration https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-2026/grids https://www.iea.org/commentaries/grid-congestion-is-posing-challenges-for-energy-security-and-transitions https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Policy/Circular-economy https://www.irena.org/publications/2020/Jun/Global-Renewables-Outlook-2020

A PPA (Power Purchase Agreement) is a long-term contract where a company or other party purchases electricity directly from a producer, often at a fixed price over many years.

Further details:
A PPA provides stability for both parties: the buyer knows what the electricity will cost, while the producer knows the electricity will be sold. This makes it possible to finance and build new wind and solar parks, as investors gain more predictable revenues over time.
However, the existence of a PPA does not mean that the electricity “disappears” from the local area or provides no local benefit. The electricity is always fed into the shared grid and used where it is needed at any given moment.

In essence, a PPA is a financial agreement about who buys the electricity and at what price—not a physical control of where the electricity flows.

Read more:
Power purchase agreement – Wikipedia

Electricity is exported when there is a temporary surplus of generation compared to demand, and because interconnected power systems allow electricity to flow to where it is most needed. Further details: Electricity supply and demand must always be balanced in real time. Since electricity is difficult to store at scale, any surplus generation is typically exported immediately - for example, during periods of high wind or abundant hydropower. Electricity trade is largely driven by market dynamics. Power is generally sold to areas where demand is higher and where prices better reflect that demand. At the same time, interconnected grids allow regions and countries to support each other during shortages, improving overall system reliability and resilience.
Renewable energy reduces the need for fossil fuels and can therefore lower greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Further details: This is important for achieving climate goals in Sweden, the European Union and globally. Renewable energy can help reduce emissions from electricity generation, while also supporting the electrification of sectors such as transport and industry. Renewable energy, together with other fossil-free energy sources, can also strengthen energy security by reducing dependence on imported fuels. Because renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and hydropower do not require ongoing fuel purchases, they can help improve long-term energy price stability, particularly during periods of volatile fossil fuel prices. Sources https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/raising-ambition/renewable-energy https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2025 https://www.irena.org/ https://www.irena.org/Publications/2025/Aug/Renewable-Energy-Statistics-2025 https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-security https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2025

Technology and Functionality

Yes.

Further details:
Solar panels generate electricity even in cloudy weather because they can make use of diffuse sunlight. However, electricity production is lower than on clear, sunny days.
In Sweden, solar power production is often lower during winter because of shorter days, lower sun angles and, in some cases, snow covering the panels. Even so, solar panels can still generate electricity when sunlight reaches the modules.

In practice, solar power is combined with other sources of electricity in the grid, such as hydropower and wind power in the Nordic region. It can also be complemented by energy storage or smart management of electricity use to increase its value and flexibility within the energy system.

Sources

Solar – IEA
Solar energy
Renewable electricity – Renewables 2025 – Analysis – IEA

Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electricity.

Further details:
When the wind causes the rotor blades to turn, they drive a generator that produces electricity. The electricity is then converted, monitored and fed into the power grid.
Electricity production varies depending on wind speed. Wind turbines generate the most electricity within a specific range of wind conditions and are automatically shut down during very low or very high winds for safety reasons. Modern wind turbines are monitored and controlled digitally to help ensure safe and efficient operation.

Sources
https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/how-do-wind-turbines-work
https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/wind-energy-basics
https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/wind
https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Technology/Wind-Energy
https://windeurope.org/about-wind/what-is-wind-energy/
https://www.nrel.gov/wind/

The electricity grid must always maintain a balance between production and consumption.

Further details:
This is managed through forecasting, balancing power (for example hydropower in the Nordic region), flexible electricity use, and trade between regions and countries. Fast-responding resources are also used to keep the system stable as conditions change.

An increasing number of solutions also contribute, such as battery storage, smart control of electric vehicle charging and industrial processes, and, in the future, hydrogen production that can adjust to the availability of electricity.

Sources
https://www.svk.se/en/national-grid/operations-and-electricity-markets/
https://www.entsoe.eu/data/transparency-platform/
https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-2026/flexibility
https://www.iea.org/reports/batteries-and-secure-energy-transitions/policy-implications-and-recommendations

Production varies widely depending on size, location, and weather conditions. Further details: Wind power output depends mainly on wind speed, turbine size, and location, so production can differ even between nearby sites. [retgen.com] Solar farms depend on sunlight (solar irradiation), panel efficiency, and system design, which means production is higher in sunnier regions. [gbsolar.it] In both cases, production is usually expressed per year because output varies from hour to hour depending on weather conditions.

Wind and solar power vary with weather conditions, but electricity systems can be made more reliable by combining different energy sources and distributing generation across larger geographic areas.

Further details:
Weather-dependent generation can be complemented by energy storage, such as batteries, which can help improve system flexibility and stability. Wind and solar power can also be combined with other energy sources and technologies that help balance supply and demand.

In Sweden and the Nordic region, hydropower often provides flexibility by adjusting production when needed. Across Europe, interconnected electricity grids help balance variations in renewable generation between different regions. Improved forecasting, flexible electricity use, energy storage and grid expansion all contribute to integrating large shares of wind and solar power while maintaining a reliable electricity system.

Sources
Renewable energy – powering a safer future | United Nations
Renewables and Low-Emissions Fuels – Energy System – IEA
Renewables 2025 – Analysis – IEA

Under certain weather conditions, ice can form on the rotor blades, which may create a risk of ice throw. Safety distances and procedures are defined as part of the project’s safety management and may be regulated through permit conditions and supervision.

Further details:
If ice that has formed on the blades detaches, it can be thrown some distance from the turbine. The risk depends on climate, operation, and technology, and is managed through safety distances, warning routines, and sometimes de-icing systems or automatic shutdown functions. Permits and safety planning describe how these risks are handled, including signage and operational procedures during icing conditions.

According to the Swedish Energy Agency, the risk of a person being injured by ice throw from a wind turbine is extremely low, with no reported cases of injury (2026). Therefore, there are no requirements to fence off wind turbines in Sweden. However, guidelines for safety distances are provided and should be followed under certain weather conditions.

How far is the safety distance?
The distance depends on wind direction, and the most precautionary recommendation is 1.5 times the height of the tower plus the rotor diameter. For modern wind turbines, this typically corresponds to exercising extra caution within approximately 500 meters of the turbine when there is a risk of ice formation.

Sources:
Numerical modelling of the ice throw from wind turbines – Lunds universitet

Microgrids are local electricity networks that can operate independently or remain connected to the wider power grid.

Further details

Microgrids can combine local electricity generation, such as solar power, with energy storage systems such as batteries and advanced control systems. This can help improve resilience, increase local self-sufficiency and make better use of locally generated electricity.Smart grids use digital technologies, sensors, automation and communication systems to monitor and manage electricity flows more efficiently. They can help reduce losses, support the integration of renewable energy sources and enable more flexible electricity use by consumers.As electricity systems become more complex, smart grids and other flexibility solutions are increasingly important for balancing electricity supply and demand, integrating variable renewable generation and maintaining a reliable electricity system. According to Swedish energy authorities, smart grids are expected to play an important role in enabling the energy transition and supporting a growing share of renewable electricity generation.

Sources
https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-01/2024-01-18%20Microgrid%20Overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf
https://www.energy.gov/oe/grid-systems-microgrids
https://www.iea.org/energy-system/electricity-grids/smart-grids

Hydropower generates electricity by using flowing or falling water to drive a turbine, which in turn powers a generator.

Further details:
Hydropower produces very low greenhouse gas emissions during operation and can often provide flexibility and balancing services to the electricity system by adjusting generation when needed.

At the same time, dams and water regulation can affect ecosystems, fish migration, water levels and biodiversity. For this reason, measures such as fish passages, minimum flow requirements and environmentally adapted water management are used where possible to reduce environmental impacts.

Sources
https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/hydropower
https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Technology/Hydropower
https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/hydropower-basics
https://www.unesco.org/en/ihp
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/hydropower

Onshore wind power is built on land, while offshore wind power is built at sea, usually further from the coastline.

Further details:
Offshore wind power often benefits from stronger and more consistent winds, resulting in higher and more stable energy production. At the same time, it is more expensive and complex to build and maintain, as installations are carried out in a more challenging marine environment.

Offshore wind power requires subsea cables to transport electricity to land, and projects must take into account marine ecosystems and shipping routes.
Onshore wind power is generally cheaper to build and easier to connect to the grid. However, it may have a greater impact on the local living environment and landscape, depending on how close it is to people and buildings.

Sources
https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Technology/Wind-energy
https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/wind
https://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/our-business/marine/offshore-wind
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/15/6614

Development is progressing rapidly in Sweden, Europe and around the world. Further details: New technologies are emerging across several areas of the energy system. Examples include floating offshore wind, which makes it possible to build wind farms in deeper waters, next-generation solar cells that use new materials to improve efficiency, and new forms of energy storage such as hydrogen, thermal storage and advanced batteries. At the same time, smart grids, artificial intelligence for energy management, flexible electricity demand and so-called virtual power plants are being developed. These solutions can help integrate larger amounts of renewable electricity into the energy system while maintaining reliability and stability. Sources https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2025
Task 61 – Variable Renewable Energy to Hydrogen (VRE-H2) Collaborative Task
https://www.nrel.gov/grid/ https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/solar-energy-technologies-office https://www.iea.org/energy-system/electricity/grids-and-electricity-security
Electricity is exported when there is a temporary surplus of generation compared to demand, and because interconnected power systems allow electricity to flow to where it is most needed. Further details: Electricity supply and demand must always be balanced in real time. Since electricity is difficult to store at scale, any surplus generation is typically exported immediately - for example, during periods of high wind or abundant hydropower. Electricity trade is largely driven by market dynamics. Power is generally sold to areas where demand is higher and where prices better reflect that demand. At the same time, interconnected grids allow regions and countries to support each other during shortages, improving overall system reliability and resilience.

Community and Environmental Impact

Wind turbines generate sound at different frequencies, including low-frequency sound and infrasound.

Further details:
Infrasound is present in many environments (such as ocean waves, wind, and traffic), and levels from wind turbines at residential distances are typically below the threshold of hearing. Swedish environmental guidelines state that a noise level of 40 dBA at residences should not be exceeded, and based on current research there is no evidence of serious health effects at these levels.

Indoor noise guidelines, including those for low-frequency sound, must also be met. If people experience disturbance, several factors may play a role—this is why local conditions, permit requirements, and follow-up are important.

According to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency:
Infrasound is sound at such low frequencies that humans cannot hear it, but we can still be affected by it. High levels of infrasound can cause symptoms such as dizziness and headaches. We are continuously exposed to infrasound from both natural and human-made sources, but harmful levels are very rare outside certain industrial environments. Studies show that wind turbines do not generate infrasound at levels that cause harm to human health.

Sources
https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/9789289053563
https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-risks-safety/radiation/everyday-things-emit-radiation/wind-turbine-noise/wind-turbine-noise-health-study-summary-results.html
https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/publications/nhmrc-statement-evidence-wind-farms-and-human-health
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/17/9133

Research shows mixed results, and the impact depends on several factors, such as distance, visibility, local market conditions, and how the project is perceived.

Further details:
In some studies, no or only small average effects are observed, although local variations can occur. Compensation schemes for nearby residents, which are used in many projects and are expected to become more formalized in some jurisdictions, are one way to address any potential reduction in property values.

Sources
Wind energy has a surprising upside – higher property values | LSE United States Politics and Policy

Capitalisation of onshore wind turbines on property prices in Sweden : The need to compensate for negative externalities

The effect of wind power on residential property values in Norway – ScienceDirect

That depends on the technology and where it is installed.

Further details:
Wind turbines have a relatively small physical footprint, consisting mainly of turbine foundations, access roads and crane pads. In many cases, the surrounding land can continue to be used for forestry, agriculture or other activities. At the same time, wind farms can affect landscapes and require consideration of environmental, cultural and community values.

Solar parks generally require larger continuous areas of land, but they can often be located on lower-productivity land, former industrial sites or combined with other land uses such as grazing. Rooftop and building-integrated solar panels make use of existing structures and therefore reduce the need for additional land.

Sources

Wind energy and the environment – WindEurope

Solar – IEA

Wind – IEA

Solar energy

Wind energy

Wind turbines are typically not placed at a fixed minimum distance from homes. Instead, the distance is determined case by case based on factors such as noise, shadow flicker, safety, and local planning conditions.
In many projects, this results in distances of several hundred meters to around one kilometer or more, depending on the size of the turbines and the local environment.

Sources
https://www.energy.gov/cmei/systems/windexchange/sound

Noise from wind turbines mainly comes from the rotor blades moving through the air. There are clear regulations governing how much noise is allowed at residential properties.

Further details:
In Sweden, noise is assessed as part of the permitting process, and conditions are set to ensure that sound levels at homes normally do not exceed guideline values in the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency’s guidance. A commonly applied guideline is 40 dBA outdoors at a residential façade, although lower levels may be required in particularly quiet environments.

Before construction, noise modelling is carried out to estimate expected sound levels. After a wind farm enters operation, follow-up measurements may be required to verify compliance with permit conditions.

People experience sound differently, and factors such as wind conditions, terrain and background noise can influence how noise is perceived. For this reason, turbine locations, distances to homes and operating conditions are carefully assessed to reduce the risk of disturbance.

Sources
Wind energy
Wind turbines – The Danish Environmental Protection Agency
Dis and misinformation – WindEurope

Under certain weather conditions, ice can form on the rotor blades, which may create a risk of ice throw. Safety distances and procedures are defined as part of the project’s safety management and may be regulated through permit conditions and supervision.

Further details:
If ice that has formed on the blades detaches, it can be thrown some distance from the turbine. The risk depends on climate, operation, and technology, and is managed through safety distances, warning routines, and sometimes de-icing systems or automatic shutdown functions. Permits and safety planning describe how these risks are handled, including signage and operational procedures during icing conditions.

According to the Swedish Energy Agency, the risk of a person being injured by ice throw from a wind turbine is extremely low, with no reported cases of injury (2026). Therefore, there are no requirements to fence off wind turbines in Sweden. However, guidelines for safety distances are provided and should be followed under certain weather conditions.

How far is the safety distance?
The distance depends on wind direction, and the most precautionary recommendation is 1.5 times the height of the tower plus the rotor diameter. For modern wind turbines, this typically corresponds to exercising extra caution within approximately 500 meters of the turbine when there is a risk of ice formation.

Sources:
Numerical modelling of the ice throw from wind turbines – Lunds universitet

Shadow flicker occurs when the sun is low in the sky and the rotating blades cast moving shadows onto a dwelling.

Further details:
The effect can be perceived as disturbing at certain times of the day and year. For this reason, regulations limit how much shadow from wind turbines is allowed at residential properties. According to Swedish guidelines, the actual shadow duration should not exceed eight hours per year or 30 minutes per day.
Shadow is assessed during project planning and can be managed through turbine siting, layout adjustments, and, if necessary, operational control to limit shadow at sensitive times.

Sources:
https://www.vestas.com/en/energy-solutions/development/turnwindshadow

Market and Future Trends

Together with other fossil-free and renewable energy sources, wind and solar power can supply a large share of electricity demand. As society moves away from fossil fuels, additional fossil-free electricity generation will be needed.

Further details:
Sweden already has a high share of fossil-free electricity, including hydropower, nuclear power and a growing contribution from wind energy. Across Europe and globally, wind and solar power are expanding rapidly.

To manage peak demand and variations in electricity generation, additional flexibility is also needed. This can include stronger electricity grids, demand-side flexibility, energy storage (such as batteries and hydrogen) and dispatchable generation where appropriate.
Electrification is an important tool for reducing society’s dependence on fossil fuels. How quickly this transition occurs, and how much new electricity generation will be needed, depends on many factors, including the development of energy-intensive industries. In Sweden, the Swedish Energy Agency has developed several scenarios for future electricity demand. These scenarios indicate that electricity use could range from around 220 TWh to nearly 360 TWh by 2050, depending on how society and industry develop.

Sources
Renewables 2025 – Analysis – IEA

Renewables and Low-Emissions Fuels – Energy System – IEA

IRENA – International Renewable Energy Agency

Electrification | Ember

The expansion of renewable energy creates jobs in project development, construction, operations, maintenance, and across the supply chain. Further details: Renewable energy projects can also generate local economic benefits through land lease payments, service contracts, and business opportunities for local companies. During both construction and operation, a wide range of suppliers and contractors may be involved, creating demand for goods and services in the surrounding area. At a broader level, increasing domestic electricity generation from renewable sources can reduce reliance on imported fuels and strengthen energy security. This can help make energy costs more predictable over time, although electricity prices are still influenced by factors such as weather conditions, electricity demand, grid capacity, fuel prices, and developments in European and global energy markets. Research from international organisations shows that renewable energy deployment can support economic growth, create employment, and strengthen energy security by reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels. Sources https://www.iea.org/commentaries/clean-energy-is-boosting-economic-growth https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-employment-2023/executive-summary https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Socio-economic-impact/Energy-and-Jobs https://www.irena.org/publications/2024/Oct/Renewable-Energy-and-Jobs-Annual-Review-2024 https://www.ilo.org/publications/renewable-energy-and-jobs-annual-review-2024 https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-security
Renewable energy is an important part of the energy transition, but its expansion also involves challenges. Wind and solar power generate electricity when the wind blows or the sun shines, which places greater demands on the flexibility of the electricity system. At the same time, grid expansion, permitting processes, and local acceptance can influence how quickly new generation capacity can be brought online. Further details: Other important considerations include how land and natural resources are used, how impacts on birds, bats, cultural heritage, and other local values are assessed, and how different societal interests are balanced. There are also questions related to the availability of certain raw materials and critical minerals, how renewable energy facilities are recycled and decommissioned at the end of their operational life, and how energy systems should evolve to meet growing electricity demand. Many of these challenges are addressed through planning processes, environmental assessments, technological innovation, and investments in areas such as electricity grids, energy storage, flexibility solutions, and recycling. The effectiveness of these measures varies between countries, projects, and local circumstances. In Sweden, permitting, environmental supervision, and public consultation are primarily governed by the Environmental Code. Issues related to grid capacity, security of electricity supply, and system flexibility are regularly assessed by authorities such as Svenska kraftnät and the Swedish Energy Agency. Sources: https://www.iea.org/energy-system/electricity/renewable-integration https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-2026/grids https://www.iea.org/commentaries/grid-congestion-is-posing-challenges-for-energy-security-and-transitions https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Policy/Circular-economy https://www.irena.org/publications/2020/Jun/Global-Renewables-Outlook-2020
The overall trend is clear: wind and solar power are being deployed rapidly in many parts of the world as the technologies have become more cost-competitive and can be built relatively quickly. Further details Globally, investment in renewable energy continues to grow, driven by increasing electricity demand, energy security considerations and efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Wind and solar power now account for a large share of new electricity generation capacity added in many countries. In Europe, the expansion of renewable energy is also supported by climate targets and the desire to strengthen energy security. In Sweden, further growth in wind and solar power is expected alongside grid reinforcement, increased system flexibility and the development of energy storage solutions and industrial electrification. The pace and scale of future deployment will vary between countries and regions, depending on factors such as policy frameworks, electricity demand, grid capacity and economic conditions. Sources https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2025 https://www.irena.org/publications/2025/jul/renewable-energy-statistics-2025 https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/renewable-energy/renewable-energy-directive-targets-and-rules/renewable-energy-targets_en https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/renewable-energy Updated june 2026

A PPA (Power Purchase Agreement) is a long-term contract where a company or other party purchases electricity directly from a producer, often at a fixed price over many years.

Further details:
A PPA provides stability for both parties: the buyer knows what the electricity will cost, while the producer knows the electricity will be sold. This makes it possible to finance and build new wind and solar parks, as investors gain more predictable revenues over time.
However, the existence of a PPA does not mean that the electricity “disappears” from the local area or provides no local benefit. The electricity is always fed into the shared grid and used where it is needed at any given moment.

In essence, a PPA is a financial agreement about who buys the electricity and at what price—not a physical control of where the electricity flows.

Read more:
Power purchase agreement – Wikipedia

Development is progressing rapidly in Sweden, Europe and around the world. Further details: New technologies are emerging across several areas of the energy system. Examples include floating offshore wind, which makes it possible to build wind farms in deeper waters, next-generation solar cells that use new materials to improve efficiency, and new forms of energy storage such as hydrogen, thermal storage and advanced batteries. At the same time, smart grids, artificial intelligence for energy management, flexible electricity demand and so-called virtual power plants are being developed. These solutions can help integrate larger amounts of renewable electricity into the energy system while maintaining reliability and stability. Sources https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2025
Task 61 – Variable Renewable Energy to Hydrogen (VRE-H2) Collaborative Task
https://www.nrel.gov/grid/ https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/solar-energy-technologies-office https://www.iea.org/energy-system/electricity/grids-and-electricity-security
That depends on how “leading” is defined. Further details: When it comes to the total deployment of wind and solar power, China, the United States and several European countries are among the largest players. China has by far the largest installed renewable energy capacity, while the United States is also a major producer and investor in renewable energy. Denmark has long been recognized for its high share of wind power in electricity generation. Sweden and Norway rank among the countries with the highest shares of renewable or fossil-free electricity, largely due to hydropower. In Sweden, hydropower and wind power together account for a large share of electricity production. Germany and Spain have built large amounts of wind and solar capacity, while many emerging economies are also expanding renewable energy rapidly. As a result, leadership in renewable energy can mean different things: total installed capacity, share of renewable electricity, technological innovation, or the speed of new deployment. Sources https://www.irena.org/Data/View-data-by-topic/Capacity-and-Generation/Country-Rankings https://www.irena.org/Data/Energy-Profiles https://www.irena.org/Publications/2025/Aug/Renewable-Energy-Statistics-2025 https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2025 https://ember-energy.org/data/global-electricity-review/
Electricity is exported when there is a temporary surplus of generation compared to demand, and because interconnected power systems allow electricity to flow to where it is most needed. Further details: Electricity supply and demand must always be balanced in real time. Since electricity is difficult to store at scale, any surplus generation is typically exported immediately - for example, during periods of high wind or abundant hydropower. Electricity trade is largely driven by market dynamics. Power is generally sold to areas where demand is higher and where prices better reflect that demand. At the same time, interconnected grids allow regions and countries to support each other during shortages, improving overall system reliability and resilience.

Community and Dialogue

Yes. Further details: In Sweden, municipalities play a unique role in the permitting process for wind power projects through the requirement for municipal approval under Chapter 16, Section 4 of the Swedish Environmental Code (sometimes referred to as the municipal veto). If a municipality does not approve a project, it will normally not receive a permit. An exception may apply if the Swedish Government reviews the project and grants permission under Chapter 17 of the Environmental Code. As a local resident, you can influence the process by participating in public consultations, submitting comments during the permitting process, and engaging in dialogue with municipal politicians and officials. Municipalities also often prepare comprehensive plans and energy strategies that discuss where wind power may be considered suitable or unsuitable, providing additional opportunities for public input. Sources: https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/guidance/environmental-code/consideration-of-permit-application-as-specified-in-the-environmental-code/ https://www.government.se/how-sweden-is-governed/the-principle-of-public-access-to-official-documents/ https://www.boverket.se/en/start/laws-and-regulations/planning-process2/ https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/renewable-sources/ https://www.naturvardsverket.se/om-miljoarbetet/forskning/vindval/vindval-reports-in-english/
Yes. Further details: In Sweden, a permit application for a wind power project generally becomes a public document once it has been submitted to the reviewing authority, such as the County Administrative Board (Länsstyrelsen) or the Land and Environment Court (Mark- och miljödomstolen). This means that members of the public can usually request access to the application documents and related materials. The documents may include the permit application, environmental impact assessment, consultation reports, and other supporting information. Many project developers also publish parts of the application material on their project websites to make it easier for local communities and other stakeholders to review the project and participate in the permitting process. Under Sweden's principle of public access to official documents, most permit-related documents are publicly available unless they contain information that is protected by confidentiality rules. Sources: https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/guidance/environmental-code/consideration-of-permit-application-as-specified-in-the-environmental-code/ https://www.government.se/how-sweden-is-governed/the-principle-of-public-access-to-official-documents/ https://www.boverket.se/en/start/laws-and-regulations/planning-process2/

Research shows mixed results, and the impact depends on several factors, such as distance, visibility, local market conditions, and how the project is perceived.

Further details:
In some studies, no or only small average effects are observed, although local variations can occur. Compensation schemes for nearby residents, which are used in many projects and are expected to become more formalized in some jurisdictions, are one way to address any potential reduction in property values.

Sources
Wind energy has a surprising upside – higher property values | LSE United States Politics and Policy

Capitalisation of onshore wind turbines on property prices in Sweden : The need to compensate for negative externalities

The effect of wind power on residential property values in Norway – ScienceDirect

Consultations are usually announced through local media, public notices and project communication channels. Information is often published on the project website and distributed directly to stakeholders who may be affected.

At Eolus, consultation activities are typically announced in both local newspapers and digital channels. Information about the consultation, including the consultation documents, is always published on the project website.

Further details
Authorities, organisations and other stakeholders identified as potentially affected are normally informed directly by letter or email.
If you would like to make sure that you receive information about a specific project, you can contact the project developer and ask to be added to the project’s distribution or mailing list.

Under the Swedish Environmental Code, consultation is an important part of the environmental assessment process. The project developer is responsible for informing relevant authorities, organisations, affected individuals and the public about the consultation and providing consultation documents that describe the proposed project and its potential environmental impacts.

Sources
https://www.miljosamverkansverige.se/wp-content/uploads/Samrad-folder-A3-6sid-EN.pdf
https://www.lansstyrelsen.se/english/environment-and-water/environmentally-hazardous-activities/assessment-of-environmentally-hazardous-activities.html
https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/laws-and-regulations/the-swedish-environmental-code/

Individuals can contribute by reducing their energy consumption through energy efficiency measures, choosing electricity supplied from renewable or fossil-free sources, and shifting electricity use to times when power is more plentiful and prices are lower. Further details For some households, technologies such as rooftop solar panels, battery storage and smart electric vehicle charging can increase the use of locally generated electricity and help reduce pressure on the electricity grid. Eolus does not develop residential solar solutions. Instead, the company focuses on developing larger-scale renewable energy projects. Sources https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2025 https://www.irena.org/publications/2025/jul/renewable-energy-statistics-2025 https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/renewable-energy/renewable-energy-directive-targets-and-rules/renewable-energy-targets_en
Models for local benefits vary between projects and countries, but there is often some form of national framework in place. Further details: Locally generated renewable electricity can strengthen the grid at both local and regional levels, enabling large electricity users to connect. This creates opportunities for future expansion and new industrial development. Local landowners, who are often small business owners, enter into lease agreements and receive income from their land, making local investments and initiatives possible. Nearby residents may receive compensation from the project developer. Many companies have already established models for this, and in some countries such arrangements are being considered for legislation. Community funds are often provided to support local associations. These are typically distributed annually to initiatives in areas such as outdoor activities, culture, and sports. Municipalities or local authorities may receive financial compensation linked to the project, often based on installed capacity and designed to reflect or complement existing taxation structures.

In the Swedish permitting process, the consultation period (samråd) usually remains open for several weeks. The exact start and end dates are specified in the consultation documents provided for the project.

Further details
During the consultation period, individuals, organisations and public authorities may submit written comments and viewpoints. These comments are reviewed and considered as part of the continued project development.

The comments received are typically compiled and addressed in a Consultation Report (Samrådsredogörelse), which normally forms part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) submitted together with the permit application.

Consultation procedures and documentation requirements are governed by the Swedish Environmental Code (Miljöbalken) and by instructions from the relevant permitting authority. The purpose of the consultation is to give authorities, local residents, organisations and other stakeholders an opportunity to contribute knowledge, identify potential environmental impacts and influence the scope of the environmental assessment before a permit application is submitted. This is supported by guidance from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and Swedish county administrative boards.

Sources
https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/laws-and-regulations/the-swedish-environmental-code/
https://www.miljosamverkansverige.se/wp-content/uploads/Samrad-folder-A3-6sid-EN.pdf
https://www.lansstyrelsen.se/english/environment-and-water/environmentally-hazardous-activities/assessment-of-environmentally-hazardous-activities.html
https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/guidance/environmental-code/consideration-of-permit-application-as-specified-in-the-environmental-code/

Under certain weather conditions, ice can form on the rotor blades, which may create a risk of ice throw. Safety distances and procedures are defined as part of the project’s safety management and may be regulated through permit conditions and supervision.

Further details:
If ice that has formed on the blades detaches, it can be thrown some distance from the turbine. The risk depends on climate, operation, and technology, and is managed through safety distances, warning routines, and sometimes de-icing systems or automatic shutdown functions. Permits and safety planning describe how these risks are handled, including signage and operational procedures during icing conditions.

According to the Swedish Energy Agency, the risk of a person being injured by ice throw from a wind turbine is extremely low, with no reported cases of injury (2026). Therefore, there are no requirements to fence off wind turbines in Sweden. However, guidelines for safety distances are provided and should be followed under certain weather conditions.

How far is the safety distance?
The distance depends on wind direction, and the most precautionary recommendation is 1.5 times the height of the tower plus the rotor diameter. For modern wind turbines, this typically corresponds to exercising extra caution within approximately 500 meters of the turbine when there is a risk of ice formation.

Sources:
Numerical modelling of the ice throw from wind turbines – Lunds universitet

A public consultation (samråd) is a formal step in the Swedish permitting process during which a proposed project is presented and stakeholders are given an opportunity to provide comments and feedback. Further details The consultation helps identify which issues should be investigated further, such as noise, shadow flicker, impacts on wildlife and nature, cultural heritage, and landscape character. The consultation forms the basis for the subsequent Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and the permit application. Consultation requirements and EIA procedures are governed by the Swedish Environmental Code and related regulations. Sources https://www.miljosamverkansverige.se/wp-content/uploads/Samrad-folder-A3-6sid-EN.pdf https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/laws-and-regulations/the-swedish-environmental-code/ https://www.lansstyrelsen.se/english/environment-and-water/environmentally-hazardous-activities/assessment-of-environmentally-hazardous-activities.html
The timing varies, but public information is usually released once a project has progressed far enough to be described in a meaningful way – often after land agreements have been secured and initial feasibility studies have been completed. Further details When a project enters the formal consultation process under the Swedish Environmental Code, information about the plans becomes publicly available. At that stage, local residents, authorities and other stakeholders are informed about the proposed project and how they can submit comments and viewpoints. The consultation process is intended to ensure that stakeholders have an opportunity to contribute information and raise issues that should be considered as part of the environmental assessment and permitting process. Sources https://www.miljosamverkansverige.se/wp-content/uploads/Samrad-folder-A3-6sid-EN.pdf https://www.lansstyrelsen.se/english/environment-and-water/environmentally-hazardous-activities/assessment-of-environmentally-hazardous-activities.html https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/laws-and-regulations/the-swedish-environmental-code/
Wind farms and solar parks are built on land where the project developer has entered into an agreement with the landowner. Further details When an area is identified as potentially suitable for development, the project developer typically contacts the landowner to discuss the project and, where appropriate, negotiate lease or land-use agreements. These agreements are often signed before a permit has been granted and before the final project design has been determined. As a result, they are usually long-term agreements and may include terms and compensation arrangements that depend on the size of the project and whether it ultimately receives the necessary permits.

Project Development and Permitting

Yes. Further details: In Sweden, decisions on permits for wind power projects can generally be appealed. The permit decision will specify who has the right to appeal, how an appeal must be submitted, and the deadline for doing so. Appeals are reviewed by the authority or court stated in the decision. The decision documents and supporting information are generally public records under Sweden’s principle of public access to official documents, which means that the reasoning behind the decision and any permit conditions can usually be reviewed by the public. Sources: https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/guidance/environmental-code/consideration-of-permit-application-as-specified-in-the-environmental-code/ https://www.government.se/legal-documents/2000/08/ds-200061/
Yes. Further details: In Sweden, a permit application for a wind power project generally becomes a public document once it has been submitted to the reviewing authority, such as the County Administrative Board (Länsstyrelsen) or the Land and Environment Court (Mark- och miljödomstolen). This means that members of the public can usually request access to the application documents and related materials. The documents may include the permit application, environmental impact assessment, consultation reports, and other supporting information. Many project developers also publish parts of the application material on their project websites to make it easier for local communities and other stakeholders to review the project and participate in the permitting process. Under Sweden's principle of public access to official documents, most permit-related documents are publicly available unless they contain information that is protected by confidentiality rules. Sources: https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/guidance/environmental-code/consideration-of-permit-application-as-specified-in-the-environmental-code/ https://www.government.se/how-sweden-is-governed/the-principle-of-public-access-to-official-documents/ https://www.boverket.se/en/start/laws-and-regulations/planning-process2/
Permits often include conditions related to aspects such as noise, shadow flicker, and environmental considerations. Compliance is monitored within the framework of permit conditions and regulatory supervision, typically by local or regional authorities depending on the permitting process. Further details: Follow-up may involve measurements, reporting, and in some cases monitoring programs developed in dialogue with the supervisory authority. If there is a risk that conditions may be exceeded, measures may need to be taken, such as operational restrictions under certain wind conditions or technical adjustments. Operational restrictions result in reduced electricity production and can therefore be costly for the wind farm owner. As a result, it is in the interest of developers to base their permit applications on realistic calculations of noise and other impacts, to ensure that permit conditions can be met.

Consultations are usually announced through local media, public notices and project communication channels. Information is often published on the project website and distributed directly to stakeholders who may be affected.

At Eolus, consultation activities are typically announced in both local newspapers and digital channels. Information about the consultation, including the consultation documents, is always published on the project website.

Further details
Authorities, organisations and other stakeholders identified as potentially affected are normally informed directly by letter or email.
If you would like to make sure that you receive information about a specific project, you can contact the project developer and ask to be added to the project’s distribution or mailing list.

Under the Swedish Environmental Code, consultation is an important part of the environmental assessment process. The project developer is responsible for informing relevant authorities, organisations, affected individuals and the public about the consultation and providing consultation documents that describe the proposed project and its potential environmental impacts.

Sources
https://www.miljosamverkansverige.se/wp-content/uploads/Samrad-folder-A3-6sid-EN.pdf
https://www.lansstyrelsen.se/english/environment-and-water/environmentally-hazardous-activities/assessment-of-environmentally-hazardous-activities.html
https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/laws-and-regulations/the-swedish-environmental-code/

Wind turbines are typically not placed at a fixed minimum distance from homes. Instead, the distance is determined case by case based on factors such as noise, shadow flicker, safety, and local planning conditions.
In many projects, this results in distances of several hundred meters to around one kilometer or more, depending on the size of the turbines and the local environment.

Sources
https://www.energy.gov/cmei/systems/windexchange/sound

In the Swedish permitting process, the consultation period (samråd) usually remains open for several weeks. The exact start and end dates are specified in the consultation documents provided for the project.

Further details
During the consultation period, individuals, organisations and public authorities may submit written comments and viewpoints. These comments are reviewed and considered as part of the continued project development.

The comments received are typically compiled and addressed in a Consultation Report (Samrådsredogörelse), which normally forms part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) submitted together with the permit application.

Consultation procedures and documentation requirements are governed by the Swedish Environmental Code (Miljöbalken) and by instructions from the relevant permitting authority. The purpose of the consultation is to give authorities, local residents, organisations and other stakeholders an opportunity to contribute knowledge, identify potential environmental impacts and influence the scope of the environmental assessment before a permit application is submitted. This is supported by guidance from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and Swedish county administrative boards.

Sources
https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/laws-and-regulations/the-swedish-environmental-code/
https://www.miljosamverkansverige.se/wp-content/uploads/Samrad-folder-A3-6sid-EN.pdf
https://www.lansstyrelsen.se/english/environment-and-water/environmentally-hazardous-activities/assessment-of-environmentally-hazardous-activities.html
https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/guidance/environmental-code/consideration-of-permit-application-as-specified-in-the-environmental-code/

A public consultation (samråd) is a formal step in the Swedish permitting process during which a proposed project is presented and stakeholders are given an opportunity to provide comments and feedback. Further details The consultation helps identify which issues should be investigated further, such as noise, shadow flicker, impacts on wildlife and nature, cultural heritage, and landscape character. The consultation forms the basis for the subsequent Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and the permit application. Consultation requirements and EIA procedures are governed by the Swedish Environmental Code and related regulations. Sources https://www.miljosamverkansverige.se/wp-content/uploads/Samrad-folder-A3-6sid-EN.pdf https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/laws-and-regulations/the-swedish-environmental-code/ https://www.lansstyrelsen.se/english/environment-and-water/environmentally-hazardous-activities/assessment-of-environmentally-hazardous-activities.html

In the Swedish permitting process, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) describes how a proposed project may affect people, nature, and the environment, both during the construction phase and throughout operation. The EIA forms an important part of the permit application process for projects that require environmental permits under Swedish law.

Further details
In Sweden, an EIA typically includes an assessment of potential environmental effects as well as proposed mitigation measures to avoid, reduce, or manage impacts. It may also consider alternative project designs or locations. [naturvardsverket.se]
The EIA is normally based on a range of technical studies and surveys, which may include:

Noise and shadow flicker assessments
Ecological and biodiversity surveys
Bird and bat studies
Cultural heritage assessments
Hydrological investigations
Landscape and visual impact assessments

The project developer is responsible for preparing the application and supporting documentation, while the reviewing authority evaluates the material and may request additional information if needed. Under the Swedish Environmental Code, an EIA is generally a legal requirement for permit-requiring activities.

Sources
https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/guidance/environmental-code/consideration-of-permit-application-as-specified-in-the-environmental-code/
https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/laws-and-regulations/the-swedish-environmental-code/
https://www.naturvardsverket.se/om-miljoarbetet/forskning/vindval/vindval-reports-in-english/
https://www.naturvardsverket.se/publikationer/6700/the-effects-of-wind-power-on-birds-and-bats/

The timing varies, but public information is usually released once a project has progressed far enough to be described in a meaningful way – often after land agreements have been secured and initial feasibility studies have been completed. Further details When a project enters the formal consultation process under the Swedish Environmental Code, information about the plans becomes publicly available. At that stage, local residents, authorities and other stakeholders are informed about the proposed project and how they can submit comments and viewpoints. The consultation process is intended to ensure that stakeholders have an opportunity to contribute information and raise issues that should be considered as part of the environmental assessment and permitting process. Sources https://www.miljosamverkansverige.se/wp-content/uploads/Samrad-folder-A3-6sid-EN.pdf https://www.lansstyrelsen.se/english/environment-and-water/environmentally-hazardous-activities/assessment-of-environmentally-hazardous-activities.html https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/laws-and-regulations/the-swedish-environmental-code/
Sites for wind power projects are selected based on the available wind resource and the ability to meet legal requirements, safety considerations and environmental standards. Further details Site selection involves assessing a range of factors, including distances to residential properties, environmental and cultural heritage values, reindeer husbandry interests where relevant, and whether military or aviation interests may be affected. A project may be halted if significant constraints are identified. Examples include protected species, sensitive natural habitats, cultural heritage sites, military interests, or situations where noise and shadow flicker requirements cannot be met. Noise impacts are assessed as part of the permitting process. In Sweden, permit conditions for wind farms commonly refer to outdoor noise levels at residential properties, often around 40 dBA at the building façade, with stricter requirements sometimes applied in particularly quiet environments. Some constraints can be identified early through mapping and desktop studies, while others may only emerge through field surveys and consultations. As a result, projects may need to be redesigned, relocated or, in some cases, discontinued. The suitability of a site and the conditions for development are evaluated through the environmental permitting process under the Swedish Environmental Code, in consultation with authorities such as the County Administrative Board and, where relevant, the Swedish Armed Forces. Sources https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/laws-and-regulations/the-swedish-environmental-code/ https://www.lansstyrelsen.se/english/environment-and-water/environmentally-hazardous-activities/assessment-of-environmentally-hazardous-activities.html https://www.miljosamverkansverige.se/wp-content/uploads/Samrad-folder-A3-6sid-EN.pdf https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/activities/exercises-and-operations/environment-and-social-impact/interest-in-land-and-water-use/ https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/topics/environmental-assessment/

Environmental studies are typically carried out by specialist consultants with expertise in areas such as ecology, bird populations, bats, noise, shadow flicker, cultural heritage, and landscape impacts.
Further details
In the Swedish permitting process, the project developer coordinates the work and is responsible for the information submitted as part of the permit application. The studies are often prepared by independent experts and consulting firms with relevant technical and scientific expertise.
The reviewing authority, such as the County Administrative Board (Länsstyrelsen) or the Land and Environment Court (Mark- och miljödomstolen), assesses the application materials and may request additional information or supplementary studies if needed.
As a local resident or stakeholder, you can ask which studies are planned, what topics they will cover, and when the results are expected to be completed and made available. Many of these studies become part of the public application documents once the permit application is submitted.

Sources:
https://www.boverket.se/en/start/laws-and-regulations/planning-process2/
https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/guidance/environmental-code/consideration-of-permit-application-as-specified-in-the-environmental-code/

Wind farms and solar parks are built on land where the project developer has entered into an agreement with the landowner. Further details When an area is identified as potentially suitable for development, the project developer typically contacts the landowner to discuss the project and, where appropriate, negotiate lease or land-use agreements. These agreements are often signed before a permit has been granted and before the final project design has been determined. As a result, they are usually long-term agreements and may include terms and compensation arrangements that depend on the size of the project and whether it ultimately receives the necessary permits.

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